The U.S. in the recent United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement and U.S.-Japan Digital Trade Agreement adopts a new clause which mirrors Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996, shielding online intermediaries from third-party contents liability. For policymakers, the seemingly...

Since the EU passed the PSD II, countries across the world have or are contemplating a new framework to govern data sharing among different players in financial markets—a trend called ‘Open Banking’ that requires or encourages banks to share consumer-permissioned banking data with third...

After World War II, states recognizing that “the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being” and “the health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security”, decided to establish the World Health...

Screen scraping — a technique using an agent to collect, parse, and organize data from the web in an automated manner — has found countless applications over the past two decades. It is now employed everywhere, from targeted advertising, price aggregation, budgeting apps, website...

The past decades have witnessed a sea change in the international intellectual property rights (IPRs) regime. Among other developments, the rise of China as a new global power and its role in shaping IPRs by virtue of both domestic reforms and the participation in bilateral and multilateral...

The emergence of China's indigenous standards has raised concerns within trade community. Focusing on the compatibility of such Chinese made standards with the WTO laws, existing legal literature seem to see China's indigenous standards as being oriented towards ‘techno-nationalism', thereby...

Trade policy is formulated through a rather complex decision-making process that involves two-way interactions between actors in public and private sectors. Such interactions are of particular importance in resolving trade controversies in the information and communication technology (ICT)...

Following the Future of Financial Advice reforms, the ‘suitability' and ‘appropriateness' focus for financial advice has been relocated and supplemented by a ‘best interests' focus in s 961B of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Yet, as the Australian Government's Royal Commission into...

Faced with the challenges posed by the rise and evolution of disruptive technologies and innovations, many countries have adopted differing regulatory approaches and adapted institutional structures and norms to maximize benefits while mitigating risks. Among such regulatory endeavors, the...

This Article is the first of its kind to map out imminent challenges facing the World Trade Organization (WTO) against the emergence of artificial intelligence. It does so by examining critically AI’s normative implications for four issue areas—robot lawyers, automated driving systems,...