The spatial model of voting is a benchmark in theories purporting to explain political behavior. Underlying the spatial model is the assumption that both voters and candidates possess complete information. Despite the fact that much of the survey literature fails to confirm this assumption, few...

The spatial model of voting is a benchmark in theories purporting to explain political behavior. Yet, evidence against the accuracy of both the assumptions and predictions of the spatial model is accumulating in the scholarly literature. One long-held result of spatial theory is that incumbents...