The last two decades of the XX century have been marked by a vigorous acceleration of international economic integration both at a global and regional level. States accepted pervasive constraints on their national decision-making in the hope that stability and predictability would favor economic...

This analytical but concise survey of WTO case law for 2015 is carried out within the framework of the PhD program in Legal Studies of the PhD school of Bocconi University (Milan). Giorgio Sacerdoti, professor of international law at Bocconi University and a former member of the WTO Appellate...

The blurry contours of the notion of investment make the assessment of investment arbitral tribunals' jurisdiction ratione materiae extremely problematic, particularly in cases concerning sovereign bonds. Arbitral tribunals have addressed on several occasions the question of whether government...

With the Commission's Decisions in Lundbeck, Johnson & Johnson and Servier, reverse payments in the pharmaceutical sector have recently come into EU Competition Policy's focus. On the other side of the Atlantic, instead, the decennial jurisprudential debate seems to have arrived at a turning...