Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship of CEO compensation plans and the risk of managerial equity portfolios with the extent of strategic investments in advertising, capital expenditures and research and development (R&D). The elements of compensation are salary,...

Mounting evidence from the literature points to the existence of covariance asymmetry for financial assets. That is, conditional volatility and correlation of financial returns tend to rise more after negative return shocks than after positive ones of the same size. This paper extends the...