Based on the concept of functionally graded, a thermoelectric device is optimized in this study to obtain higher energy difference. By deriving basic thermoelectric equations, the thermoelectric coupling governing equation considering the temperature dependence is obtained under a rectangular...

This paper proposes a method for the maximum likelihood estimation of continuous time stochastic volatility models. The key step is to introduce approximating GARCH processes that have higher frequencies of construction but are observed at lower frequencies. The latency of the volatility process...