Arbitrators in investor-state disputes plainly owe duties to the parties. They are appointed to do a job and they must do that job and do it well: competently, diligently, ethically, expeditiously, fairly, impartially and independently, and properly. They must act with sound judgment, due care,...

Economic sanctions are often said to occupy a middle space between communiqués and combat. As this description makes clear, sanctions are a political tool – but a political tool that operates through economic regulation. They are simultaneously economic and political.Their dual nature seems...

This article examines the duty of jurisdictional policing that Salini v. Morocco inferred from the ICSID Convention. According to Salini, ICSID arbitrators must determine whether a dispute arises from an “investment” that satisfies an objective definition of that term, regardless of the...

Salini v. Morocco sparked one of the liveliest controversies in the dynamic field of international investment disputes. Salini held that the word investment in the ICSID Convention, although undefined, has an objective meaning that limits the ability of member states to submit disputes to ICSID...

The present paper examines the relationships between principal job satisfaction, school characteristics, roles of the principal, and student achievement, as well as predictors, in Australia, Finland, Latvia, Mexico, Portugal, Romania, Singapore, and Spain. Data for this quantitative study are...

This study was conducted to determine if there was a mean difference between employee levels of happiness (Happy and Non Happy) and their perceptions on their Organization’s Culture, Job Embeddedness and Continuance Commitment with their jobs in faith-based higher education institutions....

In the Sudan Accountability and Divestment Act (‘SADA’) of 2007, Congress authorized state governments to divest from businesses investing in Sudan. Congress took this unprecedented step in the face of objections from the Bush Administration and the business community that state divestment...