Urban heat island (UHI) manifests as the temperature rise in built-up urban areas relative to the surrounding rural countryside, largely because of the relatively greater proportion of incident solar energy that is absorbed and stored by man-made materials. The direct impact of UHI can be...

Foreign aid has always been treated as “cheap mons.” In the past, aid studies almost always implicitly assumed that the economic impact of ODA loans is negligible. This paper, however, takes an opposite view and presents that ODA debt implications do matter. It is proposed that while aid...

Foreign aid has always been treated as “cheap mons.” In the past, aid studies almost always implicitly assumed that the economic impact of ODA loans is negligible. This paper, however, takes an opposite view and presents that ODA debt implications do matter. It is proposed that while aid...

After a long spell of support for the Keynesian approach of demand management by the public sector, official development assistance (ODA) has recently been used to promote greater participation in development through increased access of long-term funds by the private sector on projects highly...