Background: Mendelian Randomization is a type of instrumental variable (IV) analysis that uses inherited genetic variants as instruments to estimate causal effects attributable to genetic factors. This study aims to estimate the impact of obesity on annual inpatient healthcare costs in the UK...

Background: Mendelian Randomization is a type of instrumental variable (IV) analysis that uses inherited genetic variants as instruments to estimate causal effects attributable to genetic factors. This study aims to estimate the impact of obesity on annual inpatient healthcare costs in the UK...

Drug development is costly so drug makers need accurate estimates of sales potential. However, sales forecasts are often unreliable. Our study is unique in combining a large sample of drug classes with data on entry order and promotional spending to estimate peak market share while controlling...

Many studies have found that the value of a life saved varies based on its characteristics, such as age. However, no study has investigated the value of avoiding fetal deaths, which represent a substantial disease burden worldwide. To evaluate this, 2,607 adults in the USA were surveyed online...

The objective of this article is to estimate the value of ‘follow-on’ or ‘me-too’ drugs from the payer, industry and societal perspectives. Since me-too drugs do not bring additional clinical benefits, they are only valuable to payers if they save costs. An empirical model was...