Exporting firms in France, the Netherlands, and Russia cluster by destination beyond that expected by GDP or ports (Choquette and Meinen 2011; Koenig 2009). It is unknown if this also occurs in the United States. The difficulty of obtaining U.S. customs data is the reason this remains unknown. Using...

In this paper, I show that in a theoretical environment where monopolistic competitive firms choose between exporting and servicing through a multinational with foreign direct investment (FDI), a gravity representation of exports and FDI can be derived. I then discuss the extent to which the...