For the last two decades, the increase of employment among individuals aged 50+ has been a policy objective on the European employment agenda. The present paper focuses on the case of Belgium, France, Germany, and The Netherlands over the period 1997–2011. First, we provide descriptive...

Complex models have received significant interest in recent years and are being increasingly used to explain the stochastic phenomenon with upward and downward fluctuation such as the stock market. Different from existing semi-variance methods in traditional integer dimension construction for...

How do an economic system’s elementary components aggregate and affect the macro-level performance? How do changes to these micro-level components change the macro-level development of economic vitality? Prior research has not fully addressed these important questions. Built on the broad...

The information and communications technology (ICT) industry has transformed modern society to be more efficiently connected. It also contributes to a range of sustainability challenges such as climate change and inequality. Advancing the ICT industry in an environmentally, socially, and...

Self-regulation on diversity of Dutch pension fund boards was introduced in 2010. Our data reveals that gender diversity has only marginally improved since then. We examined the determinants of gender and age diversity of pension fund boards using data from 1,525 pension fund board members of...