The importance of circular causation in explaining the dynamics of learning systems that cover the entirety of human experience is pointed out. Yet despite claims, Ibn Khaldun is seen to have failed in addressing the analytical nature of this central theme of historiography. Recent authors who...

Purpose – Aims to methodologically explain a phenomenological model with empirical contents for modelling ethics in socioeconomic development. Addresses a circular causality between state variables and policy variables for the case of socioeconomic development of Indonesia with ethics and...

Purpose – Aims to methodologically explain a phenomenological model with empirical contents for modelling ethics in socioeconomic development. Addresses a circular causality between state variables and policy variables for the case of socioeconomic development of Indonesia with ethics and...