Policies that aim to mitigate water pollution from fertilizer use in agriculture include input-based and output-based policies. Both cost-effectiveness and the speed for policies to take effect are important for policy assessment. In this study, we found that fertilizer price policies cannot...

In Mexico, farmers only pay the cost of electricity used to pump groundwater from wells for groundwater consumption and also receive electricity subsidy from government. It causes the fact that farmers consume groundwater under the situation that private marginal cost is lower than social...