The question of whether credit rating agencies (CRAs) influence financial markets has been widely debated. However, answering the question empirically generates great challenges because CRAs consider market developments in their decisions, making them endogenous, and financial markets anticipate...

There is no clear theoretical prediction about whether a positive income shock stemming from higher remittances should complement or substitute for credit. Accordingly, existing studies in the empirical literature have found opposing results. This paper reconciles these seemingly contradictory...

This paper studies the extent to which increases in bank credit supply available for small and medium firms can foster formal employment in Mexico. We use a detailed dataset containing loan-level information for all loans extended by commercial banks to private firms in Mexico during the...

The ability of credit rating agencies (CRAs) to influence financial markets has been widely debated in the academic literature, policy circles and general press. While some commentators think that CRAs’ announcements have relevant effects on the markets, others reckon that they may simply...

This paper studies the extent to which increases in bank credit supply available for small and medium firms can foster formal employment in Mexico. We use a detailed dataset containing loan-level information for all loans extended by commercial banks to private firms in Mexico during the...

The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events are likely to increase as climate change unravels. Although there is a large literature documenting detrimental effects on economic activity, there is a lack of evidence on firms' responses to temperature extremes, particularly how their...

This paper studies the extent to which increases in bank credit supply available for small and medium firms can foster formal employment in Mexico. We use a detailed dataset containing loan-level information for all loans extended by commercial banks to private firms in Mexico during the...

During the 1990s and early 2000s, the consensus was that central banks had to adjust interest rates only in response to inflation and (possibly) output. Such consensus was questioned in the aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis, as well as during the present pandemic. In contrast with most of...