Carbon lock-in has been used to explain the difficulty in reducing carbon emissions, while mission innovation policies have been proposed to break this path dependency, but the force of lock-in during the mission setting process is largely overlooked. In particular, the power of incumbents to...

This paper explores the development of the smart growth programme in Austin, Texas. Drawing on growth machine theory, it documents the conflict in Austin in the 1980s and 1990s between pro-growth and anti-growth machine coalitions over urban sprawl. Around that time, the business community also...