During the generation of steam, most water impurities are not evaporated with the steam and thus concentrate in the boiler water. The concentration of the impurities is usually regulated by the adjustment of the continuous blowdown valve, which controls the amount of water (and concentrated...

Natural gas is an important source of primary energy. Virtually all gas processing plants producing natural gas liquids require at least one fractionator to produce a liquid product which can meet sales specifications. Fractionation is one of the pivotal unit operations in refineries, gas...

Direct fired heaters are used considerably in the energy related industries and petroleum industries for heating crude oil in the petroleum refining and petrochemical sectors. The aim of the current study is to formulate simple-to-use correlations to design the radiant and convective sections of...

A potentially significant loss emanates from the combustion of coal fuels is usually called as the unburned carbon loss. All coal-fired steam generators and coal-fired vessels inherently suffer from efficiency debit attributable to unburnt carbon. The aim of this study is to develop a...

Selection and determination of optimum thickness of insulation is of prime interest for many engineering applications. In this study, a simple method is developed to estimate the thickness of thermal insulation required to arrive at a desired heat flow or surface temperature for flat surfaces,...

Fractionation is one of the pivotal unit operations in refineries and gas processing industries which is single largest energy-degrading processing unit utilized to separate mixtures into individual products. A reliable design method for sizing tray fractionators must take into account of...

Natural gas is an important source of primary energy and it is saturated with water vapor under normal production conditions. In the design of natural gas dehydration systems, correct estimation of absorption column size is crucial. Once the lean TEG (Triethylene glycol) concentration has been...