The creative destruction wrought by high-frequency algorithmic tradinghas raised increasing concerns about the eect of machine learning behaviorsand ultra high-frequency trading in finnancial markets. By employing a geneticalgorithm with a classifer system as an adaptive learning tool, we...

High-frequency trading (HFT) based on artificial intelligence (AI) has been quickly adopted as market practice and its impact on investors' trading behavior and financial market has raised an increasing concern about managing AI in finance. Due to the extreme diversity and complexity of FinTech...