Biodiesel was produced from acidified soybean soapstocks by using lignin-derived carbonaceous catalyst (LCC). LCC was a solid acidic catalyst prepared by direct sulfonation of residual lignin from Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge hulls. The textural properties of the catalyst were characterized by...

Network's resilience to the malfunction of its components has been of great concern. The goal of this work is to determine the network design guidelines, which maximizes the network efficiency while keeping the cost of the network (that is the average connectivity) constant. With a global...

Many networks are characterized by highly heterogeneous distributions of links which are called scale-free networks, and the degree distributions follow p(k)∼ck-α. We study the robustness of scale-free networks to random failures from the character of their heterogeneity. Entropy of the...