Shell’s landmark ruling ordered to reduce the CO 2 emissions to the Shell group by a net 45% by 2030, compared to 2019 levels. In this paper, we analyze the effects of extending Shell's sentence to all the foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises and find that it would result in a 2.85...

Shell’s landmark ruling ordered to reduce the CO 2 emissions to the Shell group by a net 45% by 2030, compared to 2019 levels. If this Shell’s sentence were extended to all the foreign affiliates of multinational enterprises, it would result in a 2.85 GtCO 2 reduction in global emissions....

The methodology proposed in this paper allows us to parcel the pollution haven hypothesis (PHH) into a bi-regional input–output framework to analyse whether the specialisation of countries in different stages of production and/or in final goods trading generates an increase or a decrease in...

In 2008, Spain exceeded by 20.9% the CO2 emissions allowed by the Kyoto Protocol for 2012. The financial and economic crisis has transformed these figures: as production fell so did energy demand and with it CO2 emissions. Will the Spanish economic crisis allow Spain to fulfill its commitments?...

La implementación del nuevo Fondo Europeo Agrícola de Desarrollo Rural (FEADER) refleja la decidida apuesta de la Unión Europea por convertir la Política de Desarrollo Rural en el segundo pilar de la Política Agrícola Común (PAC). La eficacia del FEADER para conseguir los objetivos...