The labor flow promotes the industrial structure evolution, thereby affecting the growth of productivity. In the western industrialized countries, improvement in labor productivity has become an important source of economic growth. On the basis of analyzing changes of the industrial structure,...

We experimentally measure the static stress at the bottom of a granular chains column with a precise and reproducible method. The relation, between the filling mass and the apparent mass converted from the bottom stress, is investigated on various chain lengths. Our measurements reconfirm that...

We experimentally investigate the scaling probability distributions of various intrachain distances of granular chains in two-dimensional static packing, the chain length of which ranges from N=64 to 2048. With the scaling method proposed in the polymer theory, the scaled data from granular...