We provide a first estimation of ground travel times between Spanish provinces circa 1867 (with a basic indicator of generalized transportations costs [GTCs]) and the geolocation of railway stations and stops between 1848 and 1930. This is work in progress that will be periodically updated with...

This article studies the creation and consolidation of a trademark system tantamount to market integration and commercial specialization of Spanish regions from 1850 to 1920. We analyze the first 47,000 registrations, their geographical distribution, and the drivers behind this trademark...