This study investigates how easing international transactions through improved legal institutions can result in divergent trade patterns for different economies. We provide evidence that the level of development governs the relevance of intellectual property rights (IPR) institutions in...

Almost all developed economies at some time during the 1970s seemed supply-constrained. Even much of measured excess capacity was arguably redundant due to energy price shocks, environmental policy, and other structural flux of the 1970s. Little analytical work has been carried out on the...

Shipping accidents and environmental disasters pose a challenge to the reliability of maritime supply chains. With international trade intensifying without a significant diversification of the supply routes the risk of perturbations is likely to increase, because higher atmospheric carbon...

Machine learning (ML) is becoming more and more important throughout the mathematical and theoretical sciences. In this work we apply modern ML methods to gravity models of pairwise interactions in international economics. We explain the formulation of graphical neural networks (GNNs), models...