The main objective of this study is to evaluate the spatial volatility of trade based on the Spatial Panel data Econometric Method and Wavelet Smoothing. The negative spatial dependents are estimated. So that, an increase by one percent in trade volatility and unknown volatility in neighboring...

Nowadays, digital images compression requires more and more significant attention of researchers. Even when high data rates are available, image compression is necessary in order to reduce the memory used, as well the transmission cost. An ideal image compression system must yield high-quality...