pricing combined with border carbon adjustments may be a second-best instrument, and more cost-effective than output …-based rebating, in which case domestic output is indirectly subsidized. No countries have so far imposed border carbon adjustments … consumption tax can be equivalent with border carbon adjustments. …

pricing combined with border carbon adjustments may be a second-best instrument, and more cost-effective than output …-based rebating, in which case domestic output is indirectly subsidized. No countries have so far imposed border carbon adjustments … consumption tax can be equivalent with border carbon adjustments. …

discussed policy option to reduce leakage and protect competitiveness of heavy industries is to impose Border Carbon Adjustments …

increasing. A major challenge is emissions leakage. Border carbon adjustments and output-based allocation of emissions allowances … carbon adjustments; countries outside the coalition prefer output-based rebates. … their overall appeal decline as the abatement coalition grows. In terms of cost, the coalition countries prefer border …

response to the threat of emissions leakage. Border carbon adjustments and output-based allocation of emissions allowances can …, the abatement coalition prefers border carbon adjustments over output-based rebates; the opposite holds true for countries …

response to the threat of emissions leakage. Border carbon adjustments and output-based allocation of emissions allowances can …, the abatement coalition prefers border carbon adjustments over output-based rebates; the opposite holds true for countries …

response to the threat of emissions leakage. Border carbon adjustments and output-based allocation of emissions allowances can …, the abatement coalition prefers border carbon adjustments over output-based rebates; the opposite holds true for countries …