Empirical estimation of the bullwhip effect has several challenges as discussed in prior literature (e.g., Cachon et al …. 2007; Bray and Mendleson 2012; Chen and Lee 2012), although the bullwhip effect has been well studied in the modeling …, we estimate the bullwhip effect at product level using various methods, analyze different measurements and aggregations …

equilibrium always exists. Moreover, we provide conditions guaranteeing the existence of the reverse bullwhip effect upstream, a … consequence of the disruption caused by the supplier. In contrast, we also provide conditions under which the bullwhip effect does … not exist. In addition, we show that a smaller unit reservation payment leads to more bullwhip and reverse bullwhip …

, the dynamics of the supply chain may significantly suffer from returns volume uncertainty through the damaging Bullwhip …