It has been argued that the sum of usage probabilities for codons, belonging to quartets, that have as third nucleotide C or A, is independent of the biological species for vertebrates. The comparison between the theoretical correlation matrix derived from these sum rules and the experimentally...

Three results are presented. First, we prove the existence of a universal 7-cluster structure in all 143 completely sequenced bacterial genomes available in Genbank in August 2004, and explained its properties. The 7-cluster structure is responsible for the main part of sequence heterogeneity in...

The Darwinian triplet variation/selection/amplification made material systems evolve. Evolution created functions, that captured structures to be actualised. Finally, the blueprints for structures were imbedded into DNA sequences. The time course and orientation of this process has an important...