original method of determining production costs, which is based on the labor consumption of products. This method is a …

We develop a structural framework that allows us to quantify the evolution of aggregate bilateral trade costs and … costs have fallen by 3.1% per year on average, we find a strong negative correlation between observed trade cost and markup …

population. The economic burden of CM includes both direct healthcare costs and indirect costs resulting from productivity losses … key findings were extracted from the studies, and reported costs were converted to GBP for cross-country comparisons …. Direct costs, particularly hospitalisation and medication expenses, were identified as the highest contributors. However …

or overhead costs has increased in prominence. We relate these changes in firms' cost structures to performance measures … and document that markups and gross profit rates increase substantially as the role of variable costs in production …