that Chinese products exert both intermediate goods and crowding-out effects on African local producers. During the first … period, the intermediate goods effect exceeded the crowding-out effect, and helped to strengthen African textile production … and exportation. Over time, however, the net crowding-out effect was increasing. In the last period, imports from China …

model. Introducing a minimum wage in a market raises average wages despite its significant crowding out effects on consumers …

municipalities crowds out private investment. Our results show how crowding out can happen in a developed economy characterized by … which increasingly borrowed from local public banks. Crowding out lowered aggregate private investment by around 30-40 bio …