A smart grid is the superposition of one physical electricity network on an information system. "Digitalization" (the growing application of information and communication technologies across the economy) enables electricity to break away from exclusive and centralized generation, opening it up...

The Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/631 of the 14th of April 2016 establishing a network code on requirements for grid connection of generators introduces a framework for building a structural harmonization of technical stipulations across Europe. Network operators must implement this regulation...

In this paper we develop a valuation framework for a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) payment system. Active network participants (proposers and validators) are required to stake tokens, and receive payments in return for their services. This property of the PoS system connects cash flows to token holdings,...

The smart grid (SG) research has continued unabated; however, some challenges, such as stability and security, cause us to focus on sustainable SG, which benefits society. Sustainable SG is complicated and covers many topics that should be summarized systematically. This paper uses CiteSpace to...

This paper uses a whole-system approach to examine different strategies related to the future role of the gas grid in a low-carbon heat system. A novel model of integrated gas, electricity and heat systems, HEGIT, is used to investigate four key sets of scenarios for the future of the gas grid...

The heterogeneous and decentralized nature of renewable energy sources is too much to handle for traditional and centralized IT grid infrastructure. Blockchain technology can address many of the associated challenges. This paper provides an overview of the state-of-the-art technology layers of...

There is no one set definition for the phrase "ad hoc networks". The term refers to the ability for members of a network to establish a network connection between devices. Ad hoc networks are relevant both in technical terms of certain network infrastructures, as well as in terms of the social,...

This conceptual article seeks to integrate blockchain into current theory on the governance of inter-organizational exchanges within business networks. It is posited that a blockchain governance structure comprised of administrative, platform, and application level mechanisms represents a...