As of the last working day of the year 2022 (30th December 2022), the official exchange rate against the US dollar (USD …) was 448, while the naira USD exchange rate at the black market traded at 748—a premium of 300. The dollar had already … peaked above 800 on the black market during the year 2022, when there were pressures on the foreign exchange (FX) due to …

The nominal effective exchange rate (EER) of a currency is an index of the tradeweighted average of its bilateral … exchange rates vis-à-vis the currencies of selected trading partners, while the real EER is derived by adjusting the nominal …

The paper explores the interconnections between foreign capital flows and the exchange rate regime switching in … developing countries. We formulate the exchange rate regime switching as annual time series of binary/ordered variables employing … de facto classification of exchange rate arrangements and regress them on the financial account capital flows for a panel …