Water-scale precipitation was observed on electrical heaters within boilers for hot water preparation within households. Different permanent magnetic devices and electromagnetic device were installed on the inlet pipe in the boiler. The system was supplied with tap water of known chemical...

This paper discusses structure, impact, costs, and efficiency of renewable energy supply in the eight largest advanced economies (the G-7 plus Spain), with focus on Germany. Renewables production costs are compared to benefits, defined as reductions in net carbon emissions; technological...

The fuel driving the engine of growth and sustainable development of any nation is the nation's access to reliable and adequate energy. Access to energy is a crucial enabling condition for achieving sustainable development. Prudent energy policies and research can play an important role in...

In this paper, the optimization of a weather-predicted free cooling system combined with heat storage is shown. The method of incorporating weather forecasts into the control system is presented. The regime of operation was selected and optimized based on free cooling energy and the required...

This paper explores from a regional perspective the distorted nature of trade in energy products within the CIS countries. The persistence of pricing distortions, barter arrangements, and discriminatory access to pipelines, as well as failure to honor contracts, has disrupted and distorted...

The Polish energy-system needs intensive investments in new technologies, which are energy efficient, clean and cost effective. Since the early 1990s, the Polish economy has had practically full access to modern technological devices, equipment and technologies. Introducing new technologies is a...

Data referring to problems in the Czech energy industry in the transition period are discussed. The environmental problems involved are also discussed. On the basis of this, a forecast for energy consumption up to the year 2020 is presented.