This article will focus on liabilities for the Area and examine the question of liability for the various actors involved, including contractors/operators who carry out the exploitation of resources, sponsoring States, flag States, and the International Seabed Authority. It is necessary to...

Within the environmental policy framework, one could distinguish two categories, both of which aim at the protection of the environment. The first category is based on the concept of reducing the use of non-renewable resources and energy, as well as on the replacement of “poisonous elements”...

With the introduction of the Resource Sustainability Act (RSA) on 5 August 2019, Singapore has embarked on its journey towards building a circular economy. Circularity was further emphasized and detailed in the Zero Waste Masterplan 2019 (ZWMP) launched on 30 August 2019. One of the main pillars...

We investigate the capital structure implications of corporate environmental liabilities, which are captured using the amount of firms' toxic production-related waste. We document that firms with higher environmental liabilities maintain lower financial leverage ratios, suggesting that...