The study examines dynamic volatility transmissions among European Energy industry participants along the production lines, using the Diebold and Yilmaz (2012)’s spillover index. We sort the sector participants, based on their production exposure, into Upstream, Midstream, Downstream, and...

Oil and gas company returns are compared between upstream, midstream, and down-stream sectors from 2000 through 2020. Crude oil, natural gas, and distillate returns reflect project risk, infrastructure, and conditions within the industry. Equity, commodity, and distillate markets positively...

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) technology holds great promise in natural gas storage and transportation. Utilization of promotor can effectively improve NGH formation kinetics. In this work, we constructed -SO3--rich hydrogel clathrate (poly(styrenesulfonate-co-acrylamide), (PSS-co-AAm)) as promoter...