Nikolova, Milena; Popova, Olga; Otrachshenko, Vladimir - 2019
punishments. We argue that those exposed to forced labor camps (gulags) became less trusting and transferred this social norm to … their descendants. Combining contemporary individual-level survey data with historical information on the location of forced … labor camps, we find that individuals who live near former gulags have low levels of social and institutional trust. Our …