A decline in poverty generally masks regional disparities that are due to varying efficiency among states. Using a generalized true random-effects model, we distinguish between persistent and transient inefficiencies on subnational efficiency to reduce poverty and its determinants in Bolivia....

Improving energy efficiency is vital for curtailing energy consumption and can have substantial impacts on alleviating carbon emissions. This study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iran's energy efficiency across different industrial sub-sectors from 2015 to 2019. We compute a sanctions...