We present a novel two-stage gravity specification with period-varying bilateral trade cost terms. We test our specification to confirm the benchmark result on declining international distance elasticities over time, using two new data sets. Analyzing period-varying bilateral trade cost derived...

We exploit exogenous shocks to flight distances over time to identify the role of transportation costs on air exports. Distance has similar-sized effects on air freight in panel regressions, where it is an unconfounded proxy for transport costs, as in cross-sectional analysis, where it captures...

Despite the deepening trend of neo-protectionism and the exacerbation of disproportions in national economies, trade integration remains a relevant form of collaboration among countries worldwide and a driver of their innovation and technological development. The article provides comparative...