It is well established that financial development is pivotal to the proper functioning of the real economy and there is a vast body of literature investigating into its determinants. In this study, we shift attention to tourism and renewable energy consumption that are rarely discussed in the...

Background: Energy production plays a major role in the Saudi Arabian economy, but energy production can lead to an increase in environmental pollution. Objectives: This study investigated the impact of energy production and trade openness on Saudi Arabia's economic growth and environmental...

The openness and security of a country's borders is a matter of concern for countries worldwide. Since its reform and opening up in 1978, China has implemented reforming and opening policies in border regions, as represented by the “Xingbian Fumin Xingdong” (Revitalize Border Areas and...

The study examines the relationship between trade openness and carbon dioxide emissions in the cumulative risks context for China's economic development and the European Union. Hypotheses derived from a review of the literature substantiate the following key findings: (1) A reduction in CO2...

The industrialisation of the Ghanaian economy has seen less light despite the high levels of trade and being one of the highest receivers of foreign direct investment (FDI) in West Africa. This low performance in the industrial sector may be due to the frequent shocks the country suffers in her...

The study examined the effects of agricultural trade openness on economic growth in the EAC. We empirically analyzed the issue in five countries from 2000 to 2021. Panel data estimation methods were used in the study. The variables were found to be integrated of order one and zero. There was...