From the beginning of the 1980s, the first theoretical analysis of intra-industry trade showed that the determinants … products are subject to intra-industry trade between two countries with distinct qualities, this trade is vertically … differentiated. Otherwise, it is called horizontal differentiation. There is a method for distinguishing intra-industry trade between …

Studying intra-industry trade involves theoretical explanations and empirical methods to measure the phenomenon …. Indicators have been developed to measure the intensity of intra-industry trade, leading to theoretical models explaining its … determinants and consequences of intra-industry trade depend on whether the traded products differ in quality. A method for …