whether the survey has item nonresponse bias by comparing the demographic characteristics of responders and nonresponders … expectations for bias caused by item nonresponse. We show that there is a positive bias, and the aggregate inflation expectation …

whether the survey has item nonresponse bias by comparing the demographic characteristics of responders and nonresponders … expectations for bias caused by item nonresponse. We show that there is a positive bias, and the aggregate inflation expectation …

. Estimated effects of income and race are noticeably biased. We then examine error due to item non-response and imputation, as …

. Estimated effects of income and race are noticeably biased. We then examine error due to item non-response and imputation, as …

verweigert werden (Item-Nonresponse), was zu einer Unterschätzung kriminalitätsbezogener Items führt. Somit werden im Besonderen … die Responserate der Surveys und die Anteile von Unit- und Item-Nonresponse in dieser Arbeit betrachtet. Weiterhin werden … the data. Furthermore, it is possible that sensitive questions are rejected by a large part of respondents (item-nonresponse …