A large majority of summary indicators derived from the individual responses to qualitative Business Tendency Surveys (which are mostly three-modality questions) result from standard aggregation and quantification methods. This is typically the case for the indicators called balances of opinion,...

We propose a specification test of a parametrically specified model against a weakly specified alternative. The latter is estimated using K nonparametric nearest neighbors (K-NN) in the context of an artificial regression. We derived the asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis and...

We propose a specification test of a parametrically specified model against a weakly specified alternative. The latter is estimated using K nonparametric nearest neighbors (K-NN) in the context of an artificial regression. We derived the asymptotic distribution under the null hypothesis and...