This open access book explores the history of risk management in medieval and early modern European maritime business, focusing particularly on 'General Average' - a mechanism by which extraordinary expenses regarding ship or cargo, incurred during a voyage to save the venture, are shared...

We study clean energy subsidies in a quantitative climate-economy model. Clean en-ergy subsidies decrease carbon emissions if and only if they lower the marginal product of dirty energy. The constrained-efficient subsidy equals the marginal external cost of dirty energy multiplied by the...