This paper examines the causal relationship between the economic growth and research output of the BRICS countries (i.e., Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) for the period 1981–2011. Essentially this study looks at the human quality demonstrated by the production of knowledge...

This paper examines the causal relationship between oil consumption and economic growth in the BRICS countries for the period from 1985 to 2011. We employ a panel causality approach which accounts for both cross-sectional dependency and heterogeneity across countries. The empirical results...