Influenced by partial shade, PV module aging or fault, there are multiple peaks on PV array's output power–voltage (P–V) characteristic curve. Conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods are effective for single peak P–V characteristic under uniform solar irradiation, but they...

In this study, a novel exact technique is proposed for tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of photovoltaic (PV) modules connected in various configurations. The Lambert W function is used to perform the equations which express current–voltage (I–V), power–voltage (P–V) and...

We present the results of an analysis of the performance of a photovoltaic array that complement the power output of a wind turbine generator in a stand-alone renewable energy system based on hydrogen production for long-term energy storage. The procedure for estimating hourly solar radiation,...