How can governments encourage political participation by all? In this study, we ask why certain groups are less likely … among the lowest-ranked countries for women’s political participation. This paper uses 2018 polling station data to show … labor force choices, but their impact on women’s political participation has not been directly tested. We find that when …

Rational choice models predict that political competition and political participation have opposite effects on the size … of government, while reforms increasing political participation tend to increase the size of government. Furthermore, we …