The extant literature on marginal deterrence supports the notion that individuals maintain a dynamic decision-making process that yields several ranked outcomes after weighing the risks and rewards. In this article, we conduct a novel large-scale empirical analysis of the marginal deterrence...

This paper studies how the swiftness and delay of punishment affect behavior. Using rich administrative data from automated speed cameras, we exploit two (quasi-)experimental sources of variation in the time between a speeding offense and the sending of a ticket. At the launch of the speed...

This paper discusses the economic approach to deterring foreign exchange violations in the context of law enforcement in Madagascar. In order to find an optimal level of monetary sanction, the setting of the fine rate applied is based on one or more well-defined criteria such as the seriousness...