We consider a noisy observed vector y=x+u∈Rn. The unobserved vector x is a solution of a non-invertible linear system Ax=v, where v is a forcing term. A unique solution of the system is obtained by considering additional constraint on the vector x. This constraint is defined by a triple...

Recent theoretical contributions have emphasized the favorable incentive effects of property taxation. The object of this paper is to confront these theories with Norwegian data on student performance. The institutional setting in Norway is well suited to analyzing the effects of property...

A fiscal policy could create economic and social problems if it is excessive oriented to the formation of financial resources necessary for a state. Extremely high taxes and fees rise the burden of taxpayers. They reduce consumption, demand and supply implicitly. Thus, they are leading to...