When it comes to being supplied with raw materials, Europe faces a number of chal­lenges. These include the diversification of European supply chains, the implementation of effective sustainability standards, and the reduction of strategic dependencies on China. What will European-Chinese raw...

The Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative was originally conceived by Tony Blair in 2002 to improve the transparency and accountability of extractive industries in resource-rich economies. It is theorized that the added transparency will create an environment welcoming to foreign direct...

The abundance of natural resources can hinder economic diversification. Russia’s heavy reliance on natural resources has not thoroughly been examined to determine whether a resource extraction boom promotes or stifles economic diversification. This study uses a dynamic DiD event approach to...

In this research, the function of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is reviewed, and the value of taking a comprehensive and historical perspective is suggested. It emphasizes the significance of considering the altering roles performed by the many parties involved, whether multinational,...

We translate Hotelling's continuous-time, exhaustible resource extraction Model of 1931 into a linear program of present value extraction cost minimization subject to a stock endowment and period by period demand constraints. The appropriate form of the demand constraints allows for resource...

Mechanisms for sectoral change in the economy are being used to move towards a circular economy. Trade in recycled raw materials could contribute to circular economy development and is treated as the main circular indicator used to monitor progress toward a circular economy. However, the...