renewed US pressure on banks from third countries dealing with Russia. The effectiveness of trade sanctions crucially hinges …

-resistant. We use sanctions imposed by the U.S. Department of Treasury on Tornado Cash (TC), a smart contract protocol, to study the …

Geographic neighbors of sanctioned countries (targets) may suffer from indirect effects of sanctions or benefit by … helping targets circumvent restrictions. I study the effects of sanctions on trade among neighbors and targets using data from … sanctions are in place. Additionally, I show that the weight of arms exported by neighbors to Iran, as well as value of dual use …

sanctions from countries wishing to punish Russia for the annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the invasion of Ukraine in 2022 … look at the impact of sanctions on Russian oil and gas production and exports and assess the outlook for both in terms of … certainly not on the point of collapse, although it has been affected by technological and commercial sanctions. Furthermore …

Sanctions have severe adverse effects on societies. Even though sanctions are used against governments, the population … is punished for its government's behavior. Sanctions can create problems due to international migration. Iran is an … unique case study because it faced the most and hardest sanctions in the world until February 2022. Many negative effects on …

This study examines the impact of international economic sanctions, imposed on Iran due to its nuclear program, on the … these sanctions post-2012. To address this question, we employ a synthetic control model to create a counterfactual scenario … significant international sanctions. By comparing the middle-class size of this counterfactual Iran with the actual Iran that …

Environmental degradation is one of the potentially unforeseen consequences of sanctions, yet few studies have … investigated how sanctions affect the environment. For instance, by restricting the acquisition of more efficient technologies …, sanctions can strain natural resources and erode environmental performance. Therefore, this study investigates the moderating …

-controlled and independent media separately. Employing a novel Russian sanctions index, we illustrate that geopolitical risk shocks … propagate beyond the sanctions channel. Still, sanctions worsen the inflationary impact of geopolitical risk shocks …

While significant attention has been dedicated to sanctions episodes among major economies which usually rely on a … diverse set of trade partners, little is known about the impact of sanctions imposed by senders on economies highly dependent …