This paper introduces scale economies or density economies in transportation in a trade and geography model with …

replacement technology. Key Words : Debit cards, scale economies, cash replacement … replacement since unit costs were too high to use debit cards alone for low value transactions. We estimate payment scale … economies and illustrate the change in processing volume likely needed to permit debit cards to cost-e¤ectively replace a …

This study aims at investigating empirically the x-efficiency, scale economies, and technologicalprogress of commercial … foreign counterparts. The scale economies for small banks, especially foreign banks are higher. Results show also that market … mergers do take place between small domestic banks and foreign banks, these will reduce cost due to scale economies as well as …

central notion of external scale economies, and Geographical Economics uses the concept of local knowledge spillovers (LKS) to …