scope and scale economies only for multi-service firms (providing urban, intercity and for-hire bus transport services) with …

This note develops a model of inter-personal trade which combines comparative advantage and external scale economies …. It is shown that the gains from external scale economies outweigh those from comparative advantage as the population size …

insurance has been included in the non-life insurance sector. We start with estimating unused scale economies and find that … after the health care reform in 2006, unused scale economies are, at 21%, much higher than before the reform (4%), pointing … large insurance companies. As a benchmark, we also estimate scale economies for non-health lines of business (LOB), which …

insurance has been included in the non-life insurance sector. We start with estimating unused scale economies and find that … after the health care reform in 2006, unused scale economies are, at 21%, much higher than before the reform (4%), pointing … large insurance companies. As a benchmark, we also estimate scale economies for non-health lines of business (LOB), which …

realization of scale economies is one possible explanation for such a learning-byexporting effect. Exporting enables small firms … to expand output and exploit all scale economies that the production technology allows. With access to finance problems … market entry. This is especially true if they operate in industries with higher scale economies or if they are located in …