The issue of economy of scale exists both in terms of the quantity of agricultural production and also in its quality aspect. From the perspective of production cost, we build an agrifood quality-cost function and its elasticity estimation model and then empirically estimate this model in...

This study presents results of cost estimation and efficiency analyses of various size categories of agricultural and nonagricultural commercial banks using the Fourier Flexible (FF) function model. The traditional cost estimation model is expanded in this study with the inclusion of loan...

This paper uses a dynamic panel estimation method to investigate the determinants of regional specialization in China’s industries, paying particular attention to local protectionism. Less geographic concentration is found in industries where the past tax-plus-profit margins and the shares of...

The monetary character of trade, use of a common medium of exchange, is shown to be an outcome of economic general equilibrium in the presence of transaction costs and market segmentation (in trading posts with a separate budget constraint at each transaction). Commodity money arises...

The monetary character of trade, use of a common medium of exchange, is shown to be an outcome of an economic general equilibrium. Monetary structure can be derived from price theory in a modified Arrow-Debreu model. Two constructs are added: transaction costs and market segmentation in trading...